A comprehensive guide to cannabinoids
Cannabinoids have become a central topic within the world of CBD products. These are naturally occurring compounds found in the cannabis plant, each with distinct characteristics and effects. Cannabinoids interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS) — a network of receptors that helps maintain internal balance and supports various bodily functions.
Below, we take a closer look at four of the most well-known cannabinoids: CBD, CBN, CBG, and THC.
What are cannabinoids?
Cannabinoids are chemical compounds that naturally occur in the cannabis plant. The two most recognized are CBD (cannabidiol) and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol).
While THC is psychoactive and responsible for the “high” associated with cannabis, CBD is non-psychoactive. Both interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system, which influences functions such as mood, sleep, pain, and appetite.
Most cannabinoids are extracted from the plant through supercritical CO₂ extraction, a method that preserves purity and potency. In modern hemp products, cannabinoids often appear together with terpenes and flavonoids — compounds that contribute to aroma and may enhance the overall effect, something known as the entourage effect.
CBD (Cannabidiol)
CBD is the most widely used non-psychoactive cannabinoid in hemp. It has been studied for decades for its potential to interact gently with the body’s own regulatory systems.
CBD doesn’t create a feeling of intoxication but may influence processes linked to relaxation, balance, and overall well-being. Because it’s naturally abundant in industrial hemp, CBD has become the foundation for a wide range of oils, topicals, and other products.
CBN (Cannabinol)
CBN develops when THC breaks down over time through exposure to air and light. This process gives older cannabis material a higher CBN content.
Although CBN occurs in smaller amounts, it has drawn interest for its unique profile compared to other cannabinoids. It’s a good example of how cannabis compounds can evolve as the plant ages and why proper curing and storage affect cannabinoid composition.
CBG (Cannabigerol)
Often referred to as the “mother cannabinoid”, CBG is the compound from which other cannabinoids — including CBD and THC — are formed during the plant’s growth.
CBG occurs only in small concentrations in mature plants, but it plays a key biochemical role. Ongoing research explores how CBG contributes to the plant’s development and what potential benefits it may have for humans.
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)
THC is the psychoactive cannabinoid best known for producing the euphoric “high” associated with cannabis.
Beyond its intoxicating effects, THC has been widely researched for how it interacts with receptors in the brain and nervous system. In legal hemp products sold within the EU, however, the THC content must remain below 0.3%, ensuring no intoxicating effect while preserving the plant’s natural cannabinoid profile.
How cannabinoids work in the human body
Cannabinoids interact with CB1 and CB2 receptors — parts of the body’s endocannabinoid system located in the brain, nerves, immune system, and major organs.
When a cannabinoid binds to these receptors, it can influence signals related to pain, mood, sleep, and appetite. For example, CBD may help regulate how the body responds to discomfort, while THC can stimulate appetite by activating other receptor pathways.
This receptor network helps maintain what scientists call homeostasis — a natural state of internal balance.
How cannabinoids are extracted
The most common extraction method for high-quality hemp products is supercritical CO₂ extraction. Using carbon dioxide under high pressure and low temperature, this process isolates cannabinoids and terpenes without leaving behind chemical residues.
After extraction, the concentrate can be used in various products such as oils, tinctures, capsules, or creams — allowing cannabinoids to be absorbed in different ways depending on personal preference.
The entourage effect
The entourage effect is the idea that cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids work better together than they do individually.
For example, studies suggest that CBD may moderate some of THC’s psychoactive effects, while terpenes can influence how cannabinoids interact with receptors. This combined activity is thought to create a more balanced and effective overall experience than isolated compounds can provide.
Are all cannabinoids psychoactive?
No. Only a few cannabinoids, such as THC, have psychoactive properties. More than 70 other known cannabinoids — including CBD, CBG, and CBN — do not cause intoxication.
In the EU and Sweden, products containing psychoactive levels of THC are not legal. Hemp-based CBD products are made from approved varieties that naturally contain only trace amounts of THC.
Cannabinoids as a group offer fascinating insight into how plant compounds interact with the human body. While research continues to expand, it’s always wise to consult a healthcare professional before using cannabinoid products — especially if you have existing health conditions or take medication.
